76 percent of products anaylsed in a new study from Johns Hopkins Medicine contained concentrations of CBD that differed from what was stated on the label.
In a new study, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers tested more than 100 topical cannabidiol (CBD) products available online and at retail stores, finding significant evidence of mislabelling CBD content.
The study also revealed that some of these nonprescription products contained amounts of THC, the main active ingredient in cannabis that can cause a “high,” including some products that claimed to be free of THC.
The study, published yesterday (20 July) in JAMA Network Open, also found that some of the CBD products made therapeutic claims not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To date, the FDA has only approved one prescription CBD product to treat seizures associated with rare epilepsy disorders and two prescription THC products for nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and for loss of appetite and weight loss associated with HIV/AIDS.
“Misleading labels can result in people using poorly regulated and expensive CBD products instead of FDA-approved products that are established as safe and effective for a given health condition,” said study lead author Tory Spindle PhD, assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioural sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
CBD and THC are the most commonly known compounds in the plant cannabis sativa. A key difference between the two is that THC can produce a psychoactive “high” effect at high doses, whereas CBD doesn’t.
Under the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (the Farm Bill), CBD products that contain less than 0.3 percent of THC are not considered federally illegal substances.
This has made CBD products popular and widely available to consumers virtually anywhere in the country, but it also makes it difficult for the FDA to address unapproved claims and mislabelled CBD content.
However, Spindle noted: “Recent research has shown that people who use CBD products containing even small amounts of THC could potentially test positive for cannabis using a conventional drug test.” This has not been determined for topical CBD products, but the authors are currently studying it.
For the study, the research team purchased 105 CBD topical products — including lotions, creams and patches — online and at brick-and-mortar retail locations in Baltimore, Maryland, in July and August 2020.
Products were tested using a technology called gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the actual amount of CBD and THC they contained.
Only 89 (85 percent) of the 105 tested products listed the total amount of CBD in milligrams on the label. Of the 89 products, 16 (18 percent) contained less CBD than advertised, 52 (58 percent) contained more CBD than advertised and 21 (24 percent) were accurately labelled.
On average, the in-store products contained 21 percent more CBD than advertised and the online products contained 10 percent more CBD than advertised, though CBD label accuracy varied widely across products.
THC was detected in 37 (35 percent) of the 105 products, though all were within the legal limit of 0.3 percent. Four of those 37 were labelled as “THC free,” 14 (38 percent) stated they contained less than 0.3 percent THC and 19 (51 percent) did not reference THC on the label.
Of the 105 products, 29 made a therapeutic claim, mostly about pain/inflammation, 15 made a cosmetic/beauty claim, such as alleviating wrinkles, and 49 noted they were not FDA approved.
The other 56 products made no reference to the FDA. “It’s important to note that the FDA has not approved CBD products to treat any of the conditions advertised on the products we tested,” said Spindle, who also is a faculty member at the Johns Hopkins Cannabis Science Laboratory.
“The variability in the chemical content and labelling found in our study highlights the need for better regulatory oversight of CBD products to ensure consumer safety,” said Ryan Vandrey PhD, professor of psychiatry and behavioural sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the study’s senior author.C
Such regulation, the authors believe, would ensure CBD products meet established standards for quality assurance and prevent CBD mislabelling so consumers can make informed decisions about product selection and are not misled by unproven therapeutic or cosmetic claims.
The study authors also caution that people should check with their health care practitioner before starting any CBD regimen.
The research was supported by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
